| Glass | Bottles, jars, perfume flacons, dropper bottles | Excellent barrier against oxygen and moisture; chemically stable; premium appearance; can be reused or recycled | Heavy; breakable; higher transport energy and handling requirements | Suitable for fragrances, serums, creams, oils and many alcohol-based formulas | Recyclability is generally high where glass collection exists; closures, coatings and decorative components may need separation | Premium skincare, fragrance and refillable packaging |
| Aluminum | Tubes, tins, aerosol cans, bottles and caps | Lightweight; strong; opaque; protects light-sensitive formulas; highly recyclable | Can dent; requires internal coatings for some formulas; mining and primary production have significant environmental impacts | Suitable for creams, balms, deodorants, fragrances and pressurized products when properly lined | Widely recyclable, but local systems and product residue affect recovery; recycled aluminum generally uses less energy than primary aluminum | Solid cosmetics, deodorants, travel products and refill systems |
| Polypropylene (PP) | Jars, caps, closures, compacts, airless components | Good chemical resistance; low density; durable; tolerates many filling and processing conditions | Recycling availability varies by region; lightweight parts can be missed by sorting systems | Commonly used for creams, masks, cleansers, color cosmetics and closures | Often identified as resin code 5; recycling depends on local collection and sorting infrastructure | Durable everyday packaging and mono-material designs |
| Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) | Clear bottles, jars, pumps and travel containers | Clear, lightweight and impact-resistant; good gas and moisture barrier; widely recognized in recycling systems | Some formulas require compatibility testing; multilayer structures and attached components can reduce recyclability | Suitable for lotions, shampoos, cleansers, liquid makeup and many personal-care products | Often identified as resin code 1; recycled content can be incorporated where regulations, supply and quality requirements allow | Clear bottles and lightweight packaging with established recycling pathways |
| High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) | Opaque bottles, tubes, jars and squeeze containers | Strong; lightweight; good moisture barrier; resistant to many chemicals and household conditions | Usually opaque; compatibility with essential oils, solvents and concentrated actives must be tested | Suitable for shampoos, conditioners, lotions, cleansers and body-care products | Often identified as resin code 2; recycling access varies by municipality and packaging format | Durable bathroom packaging and opaque containers requiring impact resistance |
| Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) | Flexible tubes, squeeze bottles, liners and refill pouches | Flexible; lightweight; good moisture resistance; easy product dispensing | Lower stiffness; flexible films and pouches are not accepted in many curbside recycling programs | Suitable for lotions, gels, creams, toothpaste-style products and flexible refills | Often identified as resin code 4; recycling depends heavily on collection of films and flexible packaging | Squeezable packaging and lightweight refill formats |
| Post-Consumer Recycled Plastic (PCR) | Bottles, jars, tubes and caps made from recycled resin | Uses material recovered from consumer waste; can reduce demand for virgin resin; supports circular-material goals | Color, odor, consistency and regulatory requirements may limit use; supply quality varies | Best for compatible products after migration, odor and stability testing; suitability depends on the base polymer | PCR is a recycled-content specification, not a separate polymer; end-of-life performance depends on the underlying resin and design | Packaging programs seeking recycled content without changing the primary format |
| Paperboard and Cartonboard | Folding cartons, sleeves, inserts and outer boxes | Lightweight; printable; renewable fiber source; efficient for secondary packaging | Sensitive to moisture and oil; coatings, laminations, foils and adhesives can complicate recycling | Usually used outside the primary container rather than in direct contact with formulas | Generally recyclable when clean and fiber-based; local rules determine acceptance and fiber recovery | Secondary packaging, gift boxes, product information and shelf presentation |
| Molded Fiber and Paper Pulp | Protective inserts, trays, cartons and specialty containers | Fiber-based; lightweight; suitable for protective structures; can reduce reliance on plastic cushioning | Limited moisture and oil resistance unless treated; surface finish and dimensional precision may vary | Primarily used for secondary or protective packaging, not direct formula containment | Recyclability depends on coatings, additives and local paper-recovery systems; compostability claims require specific conditions | Protective inserts, premium presentation boxes and plastic-reduction projects |
| Bio-Based Plastics | Bottles, jars, tubes, caps and flexible packaging | Can use renewable feedstocks; may provide familiar plastic processing and performance | Bio-based does not automatically mean biodegradable or compostable; feedstock, certification and end-of-life routes vary | Must be evaluated by polymer type, formula compatibility, barrier needs and filling conditions | Should be sorted according to the specific polymer; compostability requires suitable industrial facilities and verified certification | Packaging using renewable feedstocks while retaining conventional plastic formats |
| Cork, Wood and Bamboo Components | Caps, lids, trays, applicator handles and decorative elements | Renewable appearance; tactile premium feel; can add structural or decorative value | May absorb moisture or oils; coatings, glues and mixed-material assemblies affect durability and end-of-life handling | Generally used as an external component rather than a direct-contact barrier for liquid formulas | Renewability depends on responsible sourcing; recycling or composting is limited when combined with plastics, coatings or metal parts | Decorative closures, premium gift packaging and natural-design collections |