| 1 |
Standard indoor residential floors |
ISO 13007
C1 or C2 cementitious adhesive, selected according to the project specification.
ASTM C627
Residential or light-commercial performance target where specified.
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Ceramic or porcelain tile
Typical tile size: up to 600 × 600 mm
Absorption: verify tile classification and manufacturer data
Sound, clean concrete or cement-based screed
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6 × 6 mm or 8 × 8 mm square-notched trowel
Rubber grout float
Tile spacers
Mixing paddle and clean bucket
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Match the trowel notch to tile size, tile back profile, substrate flatness, and adhesive coverage requirements. Use a margin trowel to scrape adhesive from edges.
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Notch size is not universal. Lift a tile periodically to verify coverage before the adhesive skins over.
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| 2 |
Large-format and gauged porcelain tile |
ISO 13007
C2 adhesive is commonly specified for demanding porcelain applications; T, E, or S1 may be required by the project specification.
ASTM C627
Select the performance level required for the intended traffic.
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Tile edge commonly greater than 600 mm
Large surface area with limited tolerance for voids
Rigid porcelain body
Substrate flatness must be checked over the tile span
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10 × 10 mm or 12 × 12 mm notched trowel, subject to coverage testing
Large-format tile mortar bed comb
Suction handles
Tile-lifting and adjustment tools
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Use back-buttering where required and comb adhesive in one direction. Check for adequate contact at corners and along edges.
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Large tiles amplify substrate irregularities. Correct the substrate before increasing adhesive thickness.
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| 3 |
Wet rooms, bathrooms, and shower floors |
ISO 13007
Choose adhesive and grout classes appropriate for moisture exposure; CG2 or RG grout may be specified depending on chemical and hygiene requirements.
ASTM C627
Use the project-required traffic classification.
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Porcelain or low-absorption ceramic tile
Sloped substrate toward drainage
Frequent water exposure
Movement joints and waterproofing layer required where applicable
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Small-format notched trowel
Rubber grout float
Squeegee and sponge system
Slope gauge, level, and drain-detail tools
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Confirm waterproofing compatibility, drainage slope, joint layout, and grout cleanability. Keep movement joints free of rigid grout.
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Tile and grout are not a substitute for a properly designed waterproofing system.
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| 4 |
Exterior balconies, terraces, and façades |
ISO 13007
C2 adhesive with appropriate deformability, such as S1 or S2, may be required where thermal movement or substrate movement is expected.
ASTM C627
Traffic classification applies to accessible floor areas, not façade panels.
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Freeze-thaw or thermal cycling may occur
Porcelain is often selected for low water absorption
Exterior concrete, screed, or rendered substrate
Exposure to rain, sunlight, and temperature change
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Full-coverage notched trowel system
Exterior-rated grout float
Joint-width gauge
Long level, straightedge, and expansion-joint tools
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Verify exterior suitability, open time, substrate moisture, drainage, movement joints, and required adhesive coverage. Avoid trapped voids in exposed installations.
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Local frost, heat, and movement conditions must be assessed before choosing the adhesive class.
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| 5 |
Commercial corridors, retail areas, and offices |
ISO 13007
Adhesive and grout selection should follow the specified durability, open-time, slip, and deformability classes.
ASTM C627
Moderate or heavy commercial target may be specified according to expected traffic and wheeled loads.
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Porcelain or dense ceramic tile
Frequent pedestrian traffic
Possible rolling carts and maintenance equipment
Concrete substrate with joints and transitions
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Heavy-duty notched trowel
Mechanical mixing paddle
Tile cutter or wet saw suited to tile thickness
Professional grout float and joint-cleaning tools
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Select tools for production speed without sacrificing coverage. Confirm the tile surface is resistant to scratching and grout staining.
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ASTM C627 is a laboratory floor-system test; use the specified test rating rather than assuming a rating from tile type alone.
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| 6 |
Supermarkets, public buildings, and heavy-use floors |
ISO 13007
Use the adhesive and grout classes stated in the design specification for high-demand service conditions.
ASTM C627
Heavy or extra-heavy commercial performance may be required where applicable.
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Dense porcelain or quarry tile
High pedestrian traffic and wheeled loads
Repeated cleaning and possible impact
Flat, structurally sound substrate required
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Robust mixing and measuring equipment
Full-coverage trowel system
Heavy-duty wet saw
Hard-wearing grout float and floor protection tools
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Confirm adhesive working time, compressive and shear requirements in the specification, grout chemical resistance, and protection during curing.
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Traffic ratings depend on the complete tested floor assembly, including substrate, adhesive, grout, and tile.
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| 7 |
Mosaic sheets and small-format tiles |
ISO 13007
Choose adhesive and grout classes compatible with the substrate, wet exposure, and joint configuration.
ASTM C627
The required floor-system rating still depends on the intended use.
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Mosaic modules commonly below 50 × 50 mm
Many joints and narrow contact areas
Paper-faced, mesh-mounted, or dot-mounted sheets
Uneven surfaces can telegraph through the mosaic
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3 × 3 mm or 4 × 4 mm notched trowel
Fine-tooth grout float
Rubber grout squeegee
Soft brush and detail-cleaning sponge
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Use a notch that avoids adhesive rising into the joints. Flatten ridges before placing sheets and align module lines carefully.
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Always test sheet release, mesh adhesion, and grout-cleaning behavior on a sample area.
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| 8 |
Natural stone and moisture-sensitive tile |
ISO 13007
Adhesive class must be checked for compatibility with the stone, including discoloration and moisture sensitivity; project specifications may require specialized cementitious or reaction-resin products.
ASTM C627
Apply the required floor-use rating to the complete system.
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Marble, limestone, travertine, or other natural stone
Variable porosity and thickness
Potential for warping, staining, or show-through
Substrate must be stable and properly prepared
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White adhesive application tools where specified
Fine notched trowel
Non-staining rubber float
Suction handles and soft cleaning pads
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Confirm stone sensitivity, adhesive color, bed thickness, moisture limits, and compatibility with sealers or membranes. Use a mock-up before full installation.
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Natural-stone suitability cannot be determined from appearance alone; consult the tile technical data.
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| 9 |
Renovation over existing tile or difficult substrates |
ISO 13007
Adhesive selection should reflect the existing surface, required adhesion, and any movement or deformability in the assembly.
ASTM C627
Existing substrate conditions must be included in the floor-system evaluation.
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Existing ceramic or porcelain tile, concrete, or cement board
Possible contamination from wax, grease, or cleaning products
Variable surface roughness and bond strength
Height restrictions at doors and transitions
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Scraper and surface-preparation tools
Diamond abrasion or grinding equipment where appropriate
Primer application roller or brush
Low-profile notched trowel
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Test bond strength, remove contaminants, repair hollow or loose areas, and verify flatness. Follow the selected primer and adhesive instructions.
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Do not install over loose tile, weak surfaces, active moisture problems, or unverified contaminants.
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| 10 |
Final quality control and global project compliance |
ISO 13007
Record the applicable adhesive and grout designations, such as C1/C2, T, E, F, S1/S2, CG1/CG2, or RG, only when supported by product documentation.
ASTM C627
Request the specified Robinson floor-test classification for the complete assembly where required.
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Tile dimensions, thickness, absorption, and surface finish
Substrate type and flatness
Joint width, movement-joint layout, and exposure
Installation temperature and curing conditions
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Straightedge and calibrated level
Coverage inspection tools
Digital scale and clean measuring containers
Moisture meter where appropriate
Documentation and inspection checklist
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Compare tile data sheets, adhesive and grout classification, test reports, installation instructions, and local building requirements before purchasing tools or materials.
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Standards, editions, and national adaptations can differ. Use the version named in the contract or local regulations.
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